Publikationen

@article{Kramer.2024,

title = {How long do bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses retain their replication capacity on inanimate surfaces? A systematic review examining environmental resilience versus healthcare-associated infection risk by textquotedblfomite-borne risk assessmenttextquotedbl},

author = {A Kramer and F Lexow and A Bludau and AM K\"{o}ster and M Misailovski and U Seifert and M Eggers and W Rutala and SJ Dancer and S Scheithauer},

doi = {10.1128/cmr.00186-23},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-10-10},

urldate = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Clinical microbiology reviews},

pages = {e0018623},

abstract = {SUMMARYIn healthcare settings, contaminated surfaces play an important role in the transmission of nosocomial pathogens potentially resulting in healthcare-associated infections (HAI). Pathogens can be transmitted directly from frequent hand-touch surfaces close to patients or indirectly by staff and visitors. HAI risk depends on exposure, extent of contamination, infectious dose (ID), virulence, hygiene practices, and patient vulnerability. This review attempts to close a gap in previous reviews on persistence/tenacity by only including articles (n = 171) providing quantitative data on re-cultivable pathogens from fomites for a better translation into clinical settings. We have therefore introduced the new term textquotedblreplication capacitytextquotedbl (RC). The RC is affected by the degree of contamination, surface material, temperature, relative humidity, protein load, organic soil, UV-light (sunlight) exposure, and pH value. In general, investigations into surface RC are mainly performed in vitro using reference strains with high inocula. In vitro data from studies on 14 Gram-positive, 26 Gram-negative bacteria, 18 fungi, 4 protozoa, and 37 viruses. It should be regarded as a worst-case scenario indicating the upper bounds of risks when using such data for clinical decision-making. Information on RC after surface contamination could be seen as an opportunity to choose the most appropriate infection prevention and control (IPC) strategies. To help with decision-making, pathogens characterized by an increased nosocomial risk for transmission from inanimate surfaces (textquotedblfomite-bornetextquotedbl) are presented and discussed in this systematic review. Thus, the review offers a theoretical basis to support local risk assessments and IPC recommendations.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Hielscher.2024,

title = {The inactivated herpes zoster vaccine HZ/su induces a varicella zoster virus specific cellular and humoral immune response in patients on dialysis},

author = {F Hielscher and T Schmidt and M Enders and S Leyking and M Gerhart and K Bentum and J Mihm and D Schub and U Sester and M Sester},

doi = {10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105335},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-10-01},

urldate = {2024-01-01},

journal = {EBioMedicine},

volume = {108},

pages = {105335},

abstract = {BACKGROUND 

To evaluate the immunogenicity of the inactivated herpes-zoster vaccine HZ/su in patients at increased risk for VZV-reactivation, we analysed the quantity and quality of the vaccine-induced cellular and humoral immunity in patients on dialysis with uremic immunodeficiency. 

METHODS 

In this observational study, 29 patients and 39 immunocompetent controls underwent standard dual-dose vaccination. Blood samples were analysed before and two weeks after each vaccination, and after one year. Specific T-cells were characterized after stimulation with VZV-gE-peptides based on induction of cytokines and CTLA-4-expression using flow-cytometry. Antibodies were analysed using ELISA. 

FINDINGS Both groups showed an increase in VZV-gE-specific CD4 T-cell levels over time (p~\<~0.0001), although median levels reached after second vaccination were lower in patients (0.17% (IQR 0.21%)) than in controls (0.24% (IQR 0.3%), p~=~0.042). VZV-gE specific CD8 T-cells were only poorly induced. CTLA-4 expression on VZV-gE-specific CD4 T-cells was strongest after second dose with no differences between the groups (p~=~0.45). Multifunctional cells co-expressing IFNtextgreekg, IL-2, and TNF were higher in patients after first vaccination (p~=~0.028). Median VZV-specific IgG-levels reached a maximum after second vaccination with significantly lower levels in patients (10796 (IQR 12482) IU/l) than in controls (16899 (IQR 14019) IU/l, p~=~0.009). Despite similar CD4 T-cell levels after one year (p~=~0.415), antibody levels remained significantly lower in patients (p~=~0.0008). 

INTERPRETATION 

VZV-gE vaccination induced specific antibodies and CD4 T-cells in both patients and controls, whereas CD8 T-cell-induction was poor. Quantitative and qualitative differences in immunity may indicate reduced duration of protection which may necessitate booster vaccinations in patients on dialysis. 

FUNDING 

HOMFORexzellent (to D.S.).},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kagan.2024,

title = {Prenatal parvovirus B19 infection},

author = {K O Kagan and M Hoopmann and A Geipel and J Sonek and M Enders},

doi = {10.1007/s00404-024-07644-6},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-07-29},

urldate = {2024-07-29},

journal = {Archives of gynecology and obstetrics},

volume = {310},

issue = {5},

pages = {2363-71},

abstract = {Parvovirus B19 (B19V) causes erythema infectiosum, a.k.a., fifth disease. This disease primarily affects children. It is generally self-limiting and subsides after 1-2~weeks. In pregnancy, the virus can cross the placenta and result in a fetal infection. This may lead to severe fetal anemia, hydrops fetalis, a miscarriage, or intrauterine fetal death. The risk of long-term sequelae also appears to be increased. About one-third of pregnant women are not immune to B19V and, therefore, are at risk to contract a primary infection. The seroconversion rate during pregnancy is generally around 1-2%. During a primary infection, maternal-fetal transplacental transmission of B19V occurs in about 30-50% of the cases and the risk of fetal infection increases with advancing gestational age. The risk of severe fetal anemia or hydrops is around 3-4% overall and is around 6-7% if the primary infection occurs before 20~weeks' gestation. Fetal monitoring in women with a primary B19V infection includes regular ultrasound examinations looking for evidence of hydrops fetalis and Doppler measurements of the middle cerebral artery peak velocity. Fetal blood sampling is performed if a significant anemia is suspected and, if such is found, an intrauterine blood transfusion is needed. This article provides an overview of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and management of B19V infection during pregnancy.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Beck.2024,

title = {Parvovirus B19-Infektion und Schwangerschaft},

author = {R Beck and S Exler and M Enders},

url = {https://www.rki.de/DE/Content/Infekt/EpidBull/Archiv/2024/Ausgaben/24_24.pdf?__blob=publicationFile},

doi = {10.25646/12157},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-06-13},

urldate = {2024-06-13},

journal = {Epid Bull},

number = {24},

pages = {3\textendash7},

abstract = {Parvovirus B19, Schwangerschaft, Ausbruch, Epidemie, Ringelr\"{o}teln},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Eggers.inpress,

title = {Gemeinsame Mitteilung von VAH und der Kommission Virusdesinfektion der DVV und GfV: Hygiene- und Desinfektionsma\ssnahmen bei Infektionen mit Parvovirus B19: Stand 15.05.2024},

author = {M Eggers and N H\"{u}bner and J Bl\"{u}mel and M Exner and J Gebel and U Helber-Soszynski and C Ilschner and HF Rabenau and I Schwebke and M Enders},

url = {https://www.vah-online.de

https://g-f-v.org/komissionen/},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-05-15},

urldate = {2024-05-15},

journal = {Hygiene \& Medizin},

volume = {49},

issue = {6},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Daiminger.2024,

title = {Performance of eight commercial immunoassays for the detection of cytomegalovirus-specific IgM antibodies in pregnancy - no test fits all needs},

author = {A Daiminger and R Beck and S Exler and U Bartelt and M Enders},

doi = {10.1128/jcm.01407-23},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-04-10},

urldate = {2024-04-10},

journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology},

volume = {62},

issue = {4},

pages = {e0140723},

abstract = {Detection of cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies as first-line serologic diagnosis plays an important role in identifying CMV primary infection during pregnancy. The performance characteristics of eight commercially available CMV IgM assays were compared. Sensitivity and IgM antibody kinetics were assessed using 100 acute phase and follow-up sera from 39 pregnant women with a well-defined onset of CMV primary infection. Specificity was analyzed using 50 well-characterized serum samples from pregnant women not infected or latently infected with CMV and from patients with other acute infections. Until 12 weeks after the onset of primary infection, four assays showed sensitivities of 100%, whereas the others had individual gaps to detect all primary infections in this time period. All assays showed a time-dependent decrease of IgM levels. More than 12 weeks after the onset of infection, the IgM-positive rates varied considerably between tests. The specificity was between 92% and 98% in all but one assay. The observed differences in the performance characteristics must be taken into account in CMV screening and diagnosis of primary infection during pregnancy.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Gebel.2024,

title = {Evaluation of a microscale quantitative suspension test to determine the bactericidal and yeasticidal activity of glutaral \textendash one step to improve sustainability in disinfectant testing},

author = {J Gebel and M Rausch and K Bienentreu and F Droop and M Eggers and L Gebel and S Gemein and B Hornei and C Ilschner and A Jacobshagen and G Kampf and C Papan and K Roesch and L Schmitz and M Suchomel and L Vossebein and NT Mutters and M Exner},

doi = {10.3205/dgkh000458},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

urldate = {2024-01-01},

journal = {GMS Hygiene and Infection Control},

volume = {19},

pages = {1\textendash9},

abstract = {Aims: To evaluate a newly developed microscale quantitative suspension test compared to the existing standard suspension test using determination of the bactericidal and yeasticidal activity of glutaral as one step to improve the sustainability of disinfectant testing. 

Methods: The testing principles of the quantitative suspension test according to VAH method 9 (comparable to EN 13727) was used as a standard suspension test using 8.0 mL product test solution, 1.0 mL organic load and 1.0 mL test suspension. In addition, a micro-scale suspension test was performed in 96-well plates with 160 µL product test solution, 20 µL organic load and 20 µL test suspension. S. aureus ATCC 6538, P. aeruginosa ATCC 15442 and C. albicans ATCC 10231 were test organisms. Glutaral was tested at concentrations of 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% with exposure times of 1, 5 and 15 min. Polysorbate 80 (30 g/L), lecithin (9 g/L), L-histidine (1 g/L) and glycine (10 g/L) were used as validated neutralizers. After serial dilution of the disinfectant-neutralizer-mixture, plates were incubated for 48 h at 36°C (bacteria) or 72 hours at 30°C (C. albicans) and colony forming units (cfu) counted. The lg reduction was calculated as the difference between the results of the water control and the disinfectant at the end of the exposure time. All experiments were done in triplicate under clean conditions. Means of lg reduction were compared with the unpaired t-test, p\<0.05 was considered to be significant. Results: Sufficient bactericidal activity according the VAH test requirements of at least 5 lg was found with both methods in 16 data sets of 24 data sets in total, and insufficient bactericidal activity of less than 5 lg was found with both methods in 7 data sets. In one data set, the mean lg reduction was above 5 lg with the microscale method and \<5 lg with the VAH method, with no significant difference between the data sets (p=0.3096; 0.2% glutaral, 1 min, P. aeruginosa). A sufficient yeasticidal activity of at least 4 lg was found with both methods in one data set, an insufficient yeasticidal activity of less than 4 lg was found with both methods in 8 data sets. With one exception, no significant differences were detected between the two methods below the efficacy threshold. 

Conclusions: The microscale quantitative suspension test proved to provide results similar to those of VAH method 9 when the bactericidal and yeasticidal activity of glutaralwas evaluated, with 32 out of 33 evaluations yielding consistent results in terms of efficacy. Its suitability should be confirmed with additional bacterial species, additional biocidal active substances and in other laboratories. 

Zielsetzung: Evaluierung eines neu entwickelten Mikro-Suspensionstests im Vergleich zur bisherigen Standardmethode am Beispiel der Bestimmung der bakteriziden und levuroziden Wirkung von Glutaral als ein Schritt auf dem Weg zu mehr Nachhaltigkeit in der Desinfektionsmittel-Testung. 

Methode: Die VAH-Methode 9 wurde als Standard-Suspensionstest mit 8,0 mL Produkttestl\"{o}sung, 1,0 mL organischer Belastung und 1,0 mL Testsuspension verwendet. Dar\"{u}ber hinaus wurde ein Mikroskala-Suspensionstest (Mikromethode) in 96-Well-Platten mit 160 µL Produkttestl\"{o}sung, 20 µL organischer Belastung und 20 µL Testsuspension durchgef\"{u}hrt. Als Testorganismen dienten S. aureus ATCC 6538, P. aeruginosa ATCC 15442 und C. albicans ATCC 10231. Glutaral wurde in Konzentrationen von 0,05%, 0,1%, 0,2% und 0,3% mit Expositionszeiten von 1, 5 und 15 min getestet. Polysorbat 80 (30 g/L), Lecithin (9 g/L), L-Histidin (1 g/L) und Glycin (10 g/L) wurden als validierte Neutralisationssubstanzen verwendet. Nach serieller Verd\"{u}nnung des Desinfektionsmittel-Neutralisator-Gemischs wurden die Platten 48 h bei 36°C (Bakterien) bzw. 72 h bei 30°C (C. albicans) bebr\"{u}tet und die Kolonie bildenden Einheiten (KbE) gez\"{a}hlt. Die lg-Reduktion wurde als Differenz zwischen den Ergebnissen der Wasserkontrolle und des Desinfektionsmittels am Ende der Expositionszeit berechnet. Alle Experimente wurden in dreifacher Ausf\"{u}hrung bei geringer Belastung durchgef\"{u}hrt. Die Mittelwerte der lg-Reduktion wurden mit dem ungepaarten t-Test verglichen, wobei ein p-Wert \<0,05 als signifikant angesehen wurde. Ergebnisse: Eine ausreichende bakterizide Wirkung von mindestens 5 lg wurde mit beiden Methoden in 16 Datens\"{a}tzen von insgesamt 24 Datens\"{a}tzen (je als Mittelwert der Dreifachbestimmung) gefunden, eine unzureichende bakterizide Wirkung von \<5 lg wurde mit beiden Methoden in 7 Datens\"{a}tzen gefunden. In einem Datensatz lag die mittlere lg-Reduktion mit der Mikromethode \"{u}ber 5 lg und mit der VAH-Methode unter 5 lg, wobei kein signifikanter Unterschied bestand (p=0,3096; 0,2% Glutaral, 1 min, P. aeruginosa). Eine ausreichende levurozide Wirkung von mindestens 4 lg wurde mit beiden Methoden in einem Datensatz gefunden, eine unzureichende levurozide Wirkung von weniger als 4 lg wurde mit beiden Methoden in 8 Datens\"{a}tzen gefunden. Unterhalb der Wirksamkeitsgrenze konnten mit einer Ausnahme keine signifikanten Unterschiede der beiden Methoden festgestellt werden. 

Fazit: Die Mikromethode des quantitativen Suspensionsversuchs lieferte in 32 von 33 Versuchsans\"{a}tzen identische Ergebnisse wie die VAH-Methode 9, wenn die bakterizide und levurozide Wirkung von Glutaral im Hinblick auf das Erreichen- oder Nichterreichen der Wirksamkeitsgrenze bewertet wird. Die Eignung der Methode sollte mit zus\"{a}tzlichen Bakterienspezies, weiteren bioziden Wirkstoffen und in zus\"{a}tzlichen Labors best\"{a}tigt werden.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kirov.2024,

title = {Unterschiedliche Virustransmission und klinischer Verlauf einer Zytomegalievirus-Infektion bei dichorialer Geminigravidit\"{a}t},

author = {GS Kirov and SE Alsat-Krenz and M Enders and M Hubert and M Pingel and F Dede},

doi = {10.1055/a-2060-9091},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

urldate = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde},

volume = {84},

issue = {01},

pages = {39\textendash42},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Schneider.2023b,

title = {Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Pregnancy - Recommendations of the Working Group on Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine (AGG - Section on Maternal Disorders)},

author = {MO Schneider and F Faschingbauer and KO Kagan and U Gro\ss and M Enders and S Kehl},

doi = {10.1055/a-2111-7394},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-12-01},

urldate = {2023-12-01},

journal = {Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde},

volume = {83},

number = {12},

pages = {1431\textendash1445},

abstract = {Aim The AGG (Working Group for Obstetrics and Prenatal Diagnostics, Section Maternal Diseases) has issued these recommendations to improve the detection and management of Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnancy. Methods Members of the Task Force developed the recommendations and statements presented here using recently published literature. The recommendations were adopted after a consensus process by members of the working group. Recommendations This article focuses on the epidemiology and pathophysiology of Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnancy and includes recommendations for maternal and fetal diagnosis, transmission prophylaxis, therapy, prevention, screening, and peripartum management.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Eggers.2023b,

title = {Suitable Disinfectants with Proven Efficacy for Genetically Modified Viruses and Viral Vectors},

author = {M Eggers and I Schwebke and J Bl\"{u}mel and F Brandt and H Fickenscher and J Gebel and N H\"{u}bner and JA M\"{u}ller and HF Rabenau and I Rapp and S Reiche and E Steinmann and J Steinmann and P Zwicker and M Suchomel},

doi = {10.3390/v15112179},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-10-30},

urldate = {2023-10-30},

journal = {Viruses},

volume = {15},

number = {11},

pages = {2179},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kohmer.2023,

title = {Polio type 2 and 3 eradication: Relevance to the immunity status of individuals living in Germany, 2005-2020},

author = {N Kohmer and HF Rabenau and V Rilling and S Ciesek and M Enders and M Eggers},

doi = {10.1016/j.jcv.2023.105471},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-04-25},

urldate = {2023-04-25},

journal = {Journal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology},

volume = {164},

pages = {105471},

abstract = {Since October 2019, poliovirus type 3 (PV3) has been certified as globally eradicated, and further laboratory use of PV3 will be restricted according to the WHO Polio Eradication Initiative and containment measures. To examine a possible gap in PV3 immunity and a lack of immunity against poliovirus type 2 (PV2), which was already declared as eradicated in 2015, neutralising antibodies against polioviruses (PV) of individuals living in Germany (n~=~91,530 samples; mainly outpatients ($approx$90%) who received immune status testing) were investigated from 2005 to 2020 (age distribution: textless18 years 15.8%, 18-64 years 71.2% and $geq$65 years 9.5% for 2005-2015; textless18 years 19.6%, 18-64 years 67% and $geq$65 years 11.5% for 2016-2020). The results showed that the proportion of sera exclusively lacking antibodies against PV3 was 10.6% in 2005-2015 and 9.6% in 2016-2020 and against PV2 2.8% in 2005-2015. As there is decreased protection against PV3 and to detect potential antigenically (immune escape) variant PVs not covered by used vaccines, we recommend continued testing of PV1 and PV3.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Eggers.2023,

title = {In-vivo efficacy of alcohol-based hand rubs against noroviruses: a novel standardized European test method simulating practical conditions},

author = {M. Eggers and M. Suchomel},

doi = {10.1016/j.jhin.2023.03.005},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-03-13},

urldate = {2023-03-13},

journal = {The Journal of hospital infection},

volume = {135},

pages = {186\textendash192},

abstract = {BACKGROUND 

 

Non-enveloped viruses are particularly resistant to disinfectants, so it is necessary to use disinfectants with proven virucidal activity in order to prevent and control the spread of viral infections. However, a test such as EN 1500, which uses an internal standard as the reference treatment for determining the bactericidal efficacy of hand rubs, is still lacking. This study aimed to establish a European standard for testing the in-vivo efficacy of hand rubs against non-enveloped viruses. 

 

METHODS 

 

The concentration and mode of application of ethanol as the reference were determined, and compared with the efficacies of two commonly used hand rubs. The hands of volunteers were contaminated with murine norovirus strain S99. 

 

RESULTS 

 

70% wt/wt ethanol (2 x 3~mL in 2 x 30~s) was used as the internal reference treatment. The commercial ethanol-based hand rub was able to reduce the titre of murine norovirus significantly in 30~s, whereas a hand rub based on ethanol and propan-2-ol was significantly less effective compared with the reference. 

 

CONCLUSION 

 

This study established a possible standard for testing the in-vivo efficacy of hand rubs against non-enveloped viruses using murine norovirus, a low contamination volume technique and ethanol as the internal reference. These findings need to be confirmed in European ring trials.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Eggers.2022b,

title = {Hygiene and disinfection measures for monkeypox virus infections},

author = {M Eggers and M Exner and J Gebel and C Ilschner and HF. Rabenau and I Schwebke},

doi = {10.3205/dgkh000421},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-10-17},

urldate = {2022-10-17},

journal = {GMS Hygiene and Infection Control},

volume = {17: Doc18},

abstract = {In Germany, recommendations on infection prevention and control of current virus outbreaks are given as communications by the Association for Applied Hygiene e.V. (VAH) together with the joint Disinfectant Commission of the German Association for the Control of Virus Diseases e.V. (DVV) and the Society of Virology* (GfV). The DVV was founded in 1954 in response to the ongoing threat to the population from polio and was given its current name in 1977. The DVV is supported by the Federal Ministry of Health, the Ministries of Health of the Federal States, scientific societies, as well as social foundations and organisations. Private individuals cannot be members of the DVV. The Society of Virology e.V. (GfV) is a scientific society for all virological fields in Germany, Austria and Switzerland, and is thus the largest virological society in Europe. With numerous commissions, guidelines and statements, it is the authoritative contact for research, healthcare and politics. The joint commission “Virus Disinfection'' of these scientific societies focuses on the efficacy of chemical disinfection procedures against viruses. The VAH bundles the expertise of scientific societies and experts on infection prevention and is particularly committed to the quality assurance of hygiene measures. With the VAH disinfectant list, the association provides the standard reference for the selection of high-quality disinfection procedures. This disinfectant list has a tradition of more than 60 years in Germany. 

 

 

 

The original German version of this document was published in August 2022 and has now been made available to the international professional public in English. The document contains recommendations on hygiene and disinfection measures for monkeypox virus infections. Disinfectants against monkeypox must have at least proven efficacy against enveloped viruses (active against enveloped viruses); products with the efficacy ranges “limited virucidal activity'' and “virucidal'' can also be used. The disinfectant list of the VAH or the disinfectant list of the Robert Koch Institute are available for the selection of products. Especially in the case of contamination with crust or scab material, it should be noted that protein contamination can have a protective or stabilising effect on monkeypox. Therefore, cleaning -- before disinfection -- should always be carried out in this situation. Preventive measures such as vaccination and hygiene in the vicinity of people with monkeypox must be taken to prevent transmission to small children, pregnant women or people with a pronounced immune deficiency. 

 

In Deutschland geben der Verbund f\"{u}r angewandte Hygiene e.V. (VAH) zusammen mit der Kommission „Virusdesinfektion“ der Deutschen Vereinigung zur Bek\"{a}mpfung der Viruskrankheiten e.V. (DVV) und der Gesellschaft f\"{u}r Virologie e.V. (GfV) Mitteilungen und Empfehlungen zu durch Viren \"{u}bertragbare Krankheiten heraus. Der Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf wirksamen Hygiene- und Desinfektionsma\ssnahmen zur Pr\"{a}vention und Kontrolle bei geh\"{a}uftem Auftreten von Virusinfektionen. Die DVV wurde 1954 als Reaktion auf die andauernde Gef\"{a}hrdung der Bev\"{o}lkerung durch die Poliomyelitis gegr\"{u}ndet und erhielt 1977 ihren heutigen Namen. Die DVV wird vom Bundesministerium f\"{u}r Gesundheit, den Gesundheitsministerien der Bundesl\"{a}nder, wissenschaftlichen Fachgesellschaften sowie sozial engagierten Stiftungen und Organisationen getragen. Einzelpersonen k\"{o}nnen nicht Mitglied der DVV sein. Die Gesellschaft f\"{u}r Virologie e.V. (GfV) ist eine Fachgesellschaft f\"{u}r alle virologischen Fachgebiete in Deutschland, \"{O}sterreich und der Schweiz und damit die gr\"{o}\sste virologische Fachgesellschaft in Europa. Mit zahlreichen Kommissionen, Leitlinien und Stellungnahmen ist sie zu virologischen Themen der ma\ssgebende Ansprechpartner f\"{u}r Forschung, Gesundheitswesen und Politik. Die gemeinsame Kommission „Virusdesinfektion“ dieser Fachgesellschaften nimmt die Wirksamkeit chemischer Desinfektionsverfahren gegen\"{u}ber Viren in den Fokus. Der VAH b\"{u}ndelt die Expertise von Fachgesellschaften und Fachleuten zur Infektionspr\"{a}vention und setzt sich insbesondere f\"{u}r die Qualit\"{a}tssicherung von Hygienema\ssnahmen ein. Mit der Desinfektionsmittel-Liste des VAH gibt der Verbund die Standardreferenz zur Auswahl von qualitativ hochwertigen Desinfektionsverfahren heraus. Diese Desinfektionsmittel-Liste hat in Deutschland eine mehr als 60j\"{a}hrige Tradition. 

 

 

 

Die deutsche Originalfassung des vorliegenden \"{U}bersichtsartikels zur aktuellen Situation der Affenpocken wurde im August 2022 ver\"{o}ffentlicht und wird jetzt auf Englisch der internationalen Fach\"{o}ffentlichkeit zur Verf\"{u}gung gestellt. Der Artikel enth\"{a}lt Empfehlungen zu Hygiene- und Desinfektionsma\ssnahmen bei Infektionen mit Affenpocken-Viren. Desinfektionsmittel gegen Affenpocken-Viren m\"{u}ssen mindestens eine nachgewiesene Wirksamkeit gegen beh\"{u}llte Viren 

 

 

 

(„begrenzt viruzid“) aufweisen; Produkte mit den Wirkbereichen „begrenzt viruzid PLUS“ und „viruzid“ k\"{o}nnen ebenfalls verwendet werden. Zur Auswahl von Produkten stehen die Desinfektionsmittel-Liste des VAH oder die Desinfektionsmittel-Liste des Robert Koch-Instituts zur Verf\"{u}gung. Besonders bei Verunreinigungen mit Krusten- oder Schorfmaterial ist zu beachten, dass die Proteinbelastung eine sch\"{u}tzende bzw. stabilisierende Wirkung auf Affenpocken haben kann. Daher ist hier stets eine gr\"{u}ndliche Reinigung -- vor der Desinfektion -- durchzuf\"{u}hren. Durch Pr\"{a}ventivma\ssnahmen wie Impfungen und Hygieneverhalten gilt es, im Umfeld von an Affenpocken erkrankten Personen, \"{U}bertragungen auf Kleinkinder, Schwangere oder Personen mit einer ausgepr\"{a}gten Immundefizienz zu verhindern.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kramer.2022,

title = {Ethanol is indispensable for virucidal hand antisepsis: memorandum from the alcohol-based hand rub (ABHR) Task Force, WHO Collaborating Centre on Patient Safety, and the Commission for Hospital Hygiene and Infection Prevention (KRINKO), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany},

author = {A Kramer and M Arvand and B Christiansen and S Dancer and M Eggers and M Exner and D M\"{u}ller and NT Mutters and I Schwebke and D Pittet},

doi = {10.1186/s13756-022-01134-7},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-07-06},

urldate = {2022-07-06},

journal = {Antimicrobial resistance and infection control},

volume = {11},

pages = {93},

abstract = {BACKGROUND 

 

The approval of ethanol by the Biocidal Products Regulation has been under evaluation since 2007. This follows concern over alcohol uptake from ethanol-based hand rubs (EBHR). If ethanol is classified as carcinogenic, mutagenic, or reprotoxic by the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), then this would affect infection prevention and control practices. 

 

AIM 

 

A review was performed to prove that ethanol is toxicological uncritical and indispensable for hand antisepsis because of its unique activity against non-enveloped viruses and thus the resulting lack of alternatives. Therefore, the following main points are analyzed: The effectiveness of ethanol in hand hygiene, the evidence of ethanol at blood/tissue levels through hand hygiene in healthcare, and the evidence of toxicity of different blood/tissue ethanol levels and the non-comparability with alcoholic consumption and industrial exposure. 

 

RESULTS 

 

EBHR are essential for preventing infections caused by non-enveloped viruses, especially in healthcare, nursing homes, food industry and other areas. Propanols are effective against enveloped viruses as opposed to non-enveloped viruses but there are no other alternatives for virucidal hand antisepsis. Long-term ingestion of ethanol in the form of alcoholic beverages can cause tumours. However, lifetime exposure to ethanol from occupational exposure textless 500~ppm does not significantly contribute to the cancer risk. Mutagenic effects were observed only at doses within the toxic range in animal studies. While reprotoxicity is linked with abuse of alcoholic beverages, there is no epidemiological evidence for this from EBHR use in healthcare facilities or from products containing ethanol in non-healthcare settings. 

 

CONCLUSION 

 

The body of evidence shows EBHRs have strong efficacy in killing non-enveloped viruses, whereas 1-propanol and 2-propanol do not kill non-enveloped viruses, that pose significant risk of infection. Ethanol absorbed through the skin during hand hygiene is similar to consumption of beverages with hidden ethanol content (textless 0.5% v/v), such as apple juice or kefir. There is no risk of carcinogenicity, mutagenicity or reprotoxicity from repeated use of EBHR. Hence, the WHO Task Force strongly recommend retaining ethanol as an essential constituent in hand rubs for healthcare.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kramer.2022b,

title = {Recommendation of the German Society of Hospital Hygiene (DGKH): Prevention of COVID-19 by virucidal gargling and virucidal nasal spray -- updated version April 2022},

author = {A Kramer and M Eggers and M Exner and N-O H\"{u}bner and A Simon and E Steinmann and P Walger and P Zwicker},

doi = {10.3205/dgkh000416},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-07-01},

urldate = {2022-07-01},

journal = {GMS Hygiene and Infection Control},

volume = {17: Doc13},

abstract = {The German Society of Hospital Hygiene develops guidelines, recommendations and standard operation procedures on a voluntary basis, published on the DGKH-website ([link:https://www.krankenhaushygiene.de/*https://www.krankenhaushygiene.de/]). 

 

 

 

The original German version of this recommendation was published in April 2022 and has now been made available to the international professional public in English. Evaluating the current data on the efficacy of virucidal gargle/mouthwash solutions and nasal sprays against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and in clinical trials, conducted with preventive or therapeutic objectives, recommendations are given for the prevention of COVID-19. The following areas are considered: 

 

 

 

Protection of the community when regional clusters or high incidences of infection become known Protection of the community at low risk of infection Pre-exposure prophylaxis for the protection of healthcare workers Post-exposure prophylaxis 

 

Die Deutsche Gesellschaft f\"{u}r Krankenhaushygiene (DGKH) erarbeitet Leitlinien, Empfehlungen und Standardarbeitsanweisungen auf freiwilliger Basis, die auf der DGKH-Website ver\"{o}ffentlicht werden ([link:https://www.krankenhaushygiene.de/*https://www.krankenhaushygiene.de/]). 

 

 

 

Die deutsche Originalfassung dieser Empfehlung wurde im April 2022 ver\"{o}ffentlicht und wird jetzt auf Englisch der internationalen Fach\"{o}ffentlichkeit zur Verf\"{u}gung gestellt. In Auswertung der aktuellen Datenlage zur Wirksamkeit viruzider Gurgel-/Mundsp\"{u}ll\"{o}sungen und Nasensprays gegen SARS-CoV-2 in vitro und in klinischen Studien, die mit pr\"{a}ventiver oder therapeutischer Zielsetzung durchgef\"{u}hrt wurden, werden Empfehlungen zur Pr\"{a}vention von COVID-19 gegeben. Dabei werden folgende Bereiche ber\"{u}cksichtigt: 

 

 

 

Schutz der Bev\"{o}lkerung bei Bekanntwerden regionaler Cluster oder hohem Infektionsgeschehen Schutz der Bev\"{o}lkerung bei geringem Infektionsrisiko Pr\"{a}expositionsprophylaxe zum Schutz des Personals im Gesundheitswesen Postexpositionsprophylaxe},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Eggers.2022,

title = {Antiviral activity of plant juices and green tea against SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus},

author = {M Eggers and P Jungke and V Wolkinger and R Bauer and U Kessler and B Frank},

doi = {10.1002/ptr.7431},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-03-01},

urldate = {2022-03-01},

journal = {Phytotherapy Research},

volume = {36},

issue = {5},

pages = {2109\textendash2115},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Steinmann.2022,

title = {Evaluation of the substitution of poliomyelitis virus for testing virucidal activities of instrument and surface disinfection},

author = {J Steinmann and M Eggers and I Rapp and D Todt and E Steinmann and FHH Brill and I Schwebke},

doi = {10.1016/j.jhin.2021.12.022},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-22},

urldate = {2022-01-01},

journal = {The Journal of hospital infection},

volume = {122},

pages = {60--63},

abstract = {The Global Polio Eradication initiative has the goal to eradicate poliomyelitis worldwide. This means that poliomyelitisvirus type 1 strain LSc 2ab (PV-1) can no longer be used for the evaluation of virucidal activity of chemical disinfectants. This study evaluated murine parvovirus ATCC VR 1346 (minute virus of mice) as suitable surrogate for PV-1 when testing virucidal activity of biocides in instrument and surface disinfectants. Suspension testing in different laboratories with two commercially available active biocidal substances based on glutaraldehyde (0.01-0.25%) and peracetic acid (0.005-0.1%) with an exposure time of 30~min was performed. Both pathogens showed comparable susceptibility and dose-dependent reduction of virus titres following German and European Guidelines.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Huzly.2022,

title = {Accuracy and real life performance of a novel interferon-textgreekg release assay for the detection of SARS-CoV2 specific T cell response},

author = {D Huzly and M Panning and F Smely and M Enders and J Komp and V Falcone and D Steinmann},

doi = {10.1016/j.jcv.2022.105098},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

urldate = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Journal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology},

volume = {148},

pages = {105098},

abstract = {BACKGROUND 

 

The reliable detection of T cell response to COVID-19 or COVID-19 vaccination is important for individual patient care and for monitoring the immune response e.g. in COVID-19 vaccine trials in a standardized fashion. 

 

OBJECTIVES AND STUDY DESIGN 

 

We used blood samples from health care workers (HCW) with or without history of COVID-19 to define test accuracy of a novel interferon-textgreekg release assay (IGRA). For a real-life performance evaluation, we analysed interferon-textgreekg response to complete COVID-19 vaccination in HCW receiving homologous or heterologous vaccination regimens and in patients receiving immunosuppressive or immune modulating therapies. 

 

RESULTS 

 

The assay had a specificity of 100%. Sensitivity of the IGRA to detect past infection was 72.2% after infection more than 5 months ago and 93.8% after COVID-19 up to 5 months ago. Quantitative results showed significant differences between first and second vaccine dose, but no difference between homologous and heterologous vaccination regimen. Immunocompromised patients often had no immune response or isolated T cell or antibody response to complete vaccination. 

 

CONCLUSIONS 

 

The novel IGRA proved to be a highly specific tool to detect SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell response to COVID-19 as well as COVID-19 vaccination, with sensitivity getting lower over time. In perspective, it may serve as a standardized tool in COVID-19 vaccine trials and in clinical care of immunosuppressed patients.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Eggers.2021b,

title = {Desinfektionsmittel in der COVID-19-Pandemie: eine Herausforderung},

author = {M Eggers and A Baumann and N Lilienthal and E Steinmann and J Steinmann and NO H\"{u}bner and HF Rabenau and V Weinheimer and I Schwebke},

doi = {10.1007/s00103-021-03457-z},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-11-03},

urldate = {2021-11-03},

journal = {Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz},

volume = {65},

number = {86\textendash95},

issue = {1},

abstract = {Disinfection measures have become more important as a~result of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. The increased need for disinfectants at the beginning of the pandemic required temporary legal regulations in order to provide a~sufficient quantity of products for the necessary disinfection in the medical sector on the one hand and for the additional demand in the population on the other. For this purpose, the Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM) and the Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA) issued a general ruling, which is explained in more detail in this article. The focus was on measures for hygienic hand disinfection. However, other applications such as surface disinfection in relation to pandemic respiratory diseases are also addressed. The experience gained in ensuring the supply of disinfectants that are effective and safe to use should be used to prepare for further pandemics. 

 

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 

 

Durch die COVID-19-Pandemie haben Desinfektionsma\ssnahmen auch in Deutschland an Bedeutung gewonnen. Der erh\"{o}hte Bedarf an Desinfektionsmitteln zu Beginn der Pandemie erforderte es, vor\"{u}bergehende rechtliche Regelungen zu treffen, um einerseits ausreichend Mittel f\"{u}r die notwendige Desinfektion im medizinischen Bereich und andererseits f\"{u}r den zus\"{a}tzlichen Bedarf in der Bev\"{o}lkerung zur Verf\"{u}gung zu haben. Dazu wurden vom Bundesinstitut f\"{u}r Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte (BfArM) und der Bundesanstalt f\"{u}r Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin (BAuA) Allgemeinverf\"{u}gungen erlassen, die in diesem Beitrag n\"{a}her erl\"{a}utert werden. Im Vordergrund stehen dabei die Ma\ssnahmen f\"{u}r die hygienische H\"{a}ndedesinfektion. Aber auch weitere Anwendungen wie die Fl\"{a}chendesinfektion im Zusammenhang mit pandemischen Atemwegserkrankungen werden er\"{o}rtert. Die Erfahrungen bei der Sicherstellung der Versorgung mit wirksamen und in der Anwendung sicheren Desinfektionsmitteln sollten f\"{u}r die Vorbereitung weiterer Pandemien genutzt werden.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Hufbauer.2021b,

title = {Inactivation of Polyomavirus SV40 as Surrogate for Human Papillomaviruses by Chemical Disinfectants},

author = {M Hufbauer and U Wieland and J Gebel and J Steinmann and B Akg\"{u}l and M Eggers},

doi = {10.3390/v13112207},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-11-02},

urldate = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Viruses},

volume = {13},

number = {11},

pages = {2207},

abstract = {Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are non-enveloped DNA viruses infecting cutaneous and mucosal squamous epithelia. Sexually transmitted HPV-types that are carcinogenic to humans such as HPV16 can induce cervical and other anogenital cancers. Virus transmission through fomites such as inadequately disinfected gynecological equipment is a further potential transmission route. Since HPV cannot be easily grown in cell culture, polyomavirus SV40 has been used as a surrogate virus when testing the virucidal activity of chemical disinfectants. So far, studies that have compared the virucidal activity of different disinfectants against HPV and SV40 are lacking. Here, we evaluated the susceptibility of HPV16 pseudovirus and SV40 to seven active biocidal substances using quantitative suspension tests. Ethanol, glutaraldehyde (GTA), dodecyldipropylentriamin (DPTA), and ortho-phthalaldehydes (OPA) were able to reduce the infectivity of HPV16 pseudovirus textgreater99.99% after 5 min. In contrast, isopropanol, peracetic acid (PAA), and quaternary ammonium compounds with alkylamines (QAC) only led to a slight or no reduction in infectivity. Concerning SV40, only GTA (60 min contact time), PAA, and OPA had virus-inactivating effects. In conclusion, the virucidal activity of three out of seven disinfectants tested was different for HPV16 pseudovirus and SV40. In this study, SV40 was shown to be a reliable surrogate virus for HPV when testing isopropanol-, GTA-, QAC-, and OPA-based disinfectants.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Devlieger.2021,

title = {Serial Monitoring and Hyperimmunoglobulin versus Standard of Care to Prevent Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection: A Phase III Randomized Trial},

author = {R Devlieger and H Buxmann and G Nigro and M Enders and J J\"{u}ckstock and P Sikl\'{o}s and A Wartenberg-Demand and J Sch\"{u}ttrumpf and J Sch\"{u}tze and N Rippel and M Herbold and G Niemann and K Friese},

doi = {10.1159/000518508},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-10-01},

urldate = {2021-10-01},

journal = {Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy},

volume = {48},

issue = {8},

pages = {611\textendash623},

abstract = {Introduction: Nonrandomized studies support the potential of cytomegalovirus hyperimmunoglobulin (CMV-HyperIg) in preventing maternofetal CMV transmission, but prospective interventional studies show equivocal results. We pre­sent a prospective phase-III international randomized open-label trial on the potential effect of CMV-HyperIg following serial monitoring of CMV serostatus. Methods: CMV-seronegative pregnant women (gestational age [GA] \<14 weeks) were 1:1 randomized to monthly CMV-serostatus monitoring and CMV-HyperIg upon seroconversion (treatment), or routine prenatal care with CMV-serostatus testing at end of pregnancy (control). Ethical considerations required that control subjects with confirmed seroconversion be offered CytotectcircledR. The primary endpoint was the proportion of fetuses/newborns with congenital CMV infection. Secondary endpoints included neonatal CMV disease and safety during the 24-month follow-up. Results: The treatment arm counted 4,800 randomized subjects: 52 seroconverted (median GA 24 [11--35] weeks), of which 45 completed follow-up. The control arm counted 4,735 randomized subjects: 42 seroconverted, of which 34 completed follow-up (evaluable data for 28 newborns) and 8 subjects chose off-label CytotectcircledR. Congenital CMV rates were 13/28 newborns (46.4% [CI 27.51; 66.13]) vs. 16/45 newborns (35.6% [CI 21.87; 51.22]) in control and treated arms, respectively (p = 0.46). Newborn CMV disease was mostly mild and spontaneously resolving. There were no major safety concerns. The target sample was not reached within an acceptable time frame. Conclusions: Serial monitoring of CMV serostatus with CMV-HyperIg treatment was associated with a mild nonsignificant reduction in the vertical CMV transmission rate. Studies on the optimal preventive strategy are hampered by epidemiological and ethical challenges and should focus on GA-dependent transmission rates and accurate dating of infection.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Steinhauer.2021,

title = {Virucidal efficacy of different formulations for hand and surface disinfection targeting SARS CoV-2},

author = {K Steinhauer and TL Meister and D Todt and A Krawczyk and L Pa\ssvogel and B Becker and D Paulmann and B Bischoff and M Eggers and S Pfaender and FHH Brill and E Steinmann},

doi = {10.1016/j.jhin.2021.03.015},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-06-01},

urldate = {2021-11-02},

journal = {The Journal of hospital infection},

volume = {112},

pages = {27-30},

abstract = {In the ongoing SARS CoV-2 pandemic effective disinfection measures are needed, and guidance based on the methodological framework of the European committee for standardization (CEN) can help to choose effective disinfectants on an immediate basis. This study aimed to elucidate whether disinfectants claiming textquotedblvirucidal activity against enveloped virusestextquotedbl as specified in the European Standard EN 14476 as well as in the german national DVV/RKI guideline are effectively inactivating SARS-CoV-2. Two commercially available formulations for surface disinfection and one formulation for hand disinfection were studied regarding their virucidal activity. Based on the data of this study the enveloped SARS-CoV-2 is at least equally susceptible compared to the standard test virus vaccinia used in EN 14476 or DVV/RKI guideline. Thus, chemical disinfectants claiming textquotedblvirucidal activity against enveloped virusestextquotedbl based on EN 14476 or DVV/RKI guideline will be an effective choice to target enveloped SARS-CoV-2 as a preventive measure.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}